Fudayk

A companion whose full name and tribal lineage are not recorded in detail. He was from Central Arabia, not from Makkah or Madinah. He came to the Prophet ﷺ in Madinah after the Conquest of Makkah and posed one of the most practically important questions in the fiqh of living in non-Muslim environments.

He told the Prophet ﷺ: "O Messenger of Allāh, people are saying that whoever does not make Hijrah will be destroyed." His tribe/people had not all accepted Islam, they were still on shirk, and he was being told his Islam was invalid because he lived among non-Muslims without emigrating to Madinah.

The Prophet ﷺ responded: "Yā Fudayk, aqim al-ṣalāh, wa-jtanib al-sayyiʾāt, wa-skun ḥaythu shīʾt min arḍ qawmik.", "O Fudayk, establish the Ṣalāh, avoid evil deeds, and live with your people wherever you wish in their land."

This hadith, transmitted in the Ṣaḥīḥ of Ibn Ḥibbān, is the clearest explicit textual basis for the permissibility of Muslims living in non-Muslim-majority lands, as long as they can maintain their religious practice. The majority Ḥanafī, Ḥanbalī, and Shāfiʿī positions all rely on this type of evidence.